12,275 research outputs found
Predictions for squeezed back-to-back correlations of and in high-energy heavy-ion collisions by event-by-event hydrodynamics
We calculate the squeezed back-to-back correlation (BBC) functions of and for heavy-ion collisions at RHIC and LHC energies, using
()-dimensional hydrodynamics with fluctuating initial conditions. The BBC
functions averaged over event-by-event calculations for many events for the
hydrodynamic sources are smoothed as a function of the particle momentum. For
heavy-ion collisions of Au+Au at GeV, the BBC functions are
larger than those for collisions of Pb+Pb at TeV. The BBC
of may possibly be observed in peripheral collisions at the RHIC and
LHC energies. It is large for the smaller sources of Cu+Cu collisions at
GeV.Comment: 16 pages, 11 figure
On the non-thermal kappa-distributed electrons in planetary nebulae and HII regions: the kappa index and its correlations with other nebular properties
Recently, a suspicion arose that the free electrons in planetary nebulae
(PNe) and HII regions might have non-thermal energy distributions. In this
scenario, a kappa index is introduced to characterize the electron energy
distributions, with smaller kappa values indicating larger deviations from
Maxwell-Boltzmann distributions. Assuming that this is the case, we determine
the kappa values for a sample of PNe and HII regions by comparing the
intensities of [OIII] collisionally excited lines and the hydrogen Balmer jump.
We find the average kappa indices of PNe and HII regions to be 27 and 32,
respectively. Correlations between the resultant kappa values and various
physical properties of the nebulae are examined to explore the potential origin
of non-thermal electrons in photoionized gaseous nebulae. However, no positive
result is obtained. Thus the current analysis does not lend to support to the
idea that kappa-distributed electrons are present in PNe and HII regions.Comment: 23 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in Ap
The Critical Role of Substrate in Stabilizing Phosphorene Nanoflake: A Theoretical Exploration
Phosphorene, a new two-dimensional (2D) semiconductor, has received much
interest due to its robust direct band gap and high charge mobility. Currently,
however, phosphorene can only be produced by mechanical or liquid exfoliation,
and it is still a significant challenge to directly epitaxially grow
phosphorene, which greatly hinders its mass production and, thus, applications.
In epitaxial growth, the stability of nanoscale cluster or flake on a substrate
is crucial. Here, we perform ab initio energy optimizations and molecular
dynamics simulations to explore the critical role of substrate on the stability
of a representative phosphorene flake. Our calculations show that the stability
of the phosphorene nanoflake is strongly dependent on the interaction strength
between the nanoflake and substrate. Specifically, the strong interaction (0.75
eV/P atom) with Cu(111) substrate breaks up the phosphorene nanoflake, while
the weak interaction (0.063 eV/P atom) with h-BN substrate fails to stabilize
its 2D structure. Remarkably, we find that a substrate with a moderate
interaction (about 0.35 eV/P atom) is able to stabilize the 2D characteristics
of the nanoflake on a realistic time scale. Our findings here provide useful
guidelines for searching suitable substrates for the directly epitaxial growth
of phosphorene
H I Free-Bound Emission of Planetary Nebulae with Large Abundance Discrepancies: Two-Component Models versus Kappa-distributed electrons
The "abundance discrepancy" problem in the study of planetary nebulae (PNe),
viz., the problem concerning systematically higher heavy-element abundances
derived from optical recombination lines relative to those from collisionally
excited lines, has been under discussion for decades, but no consensus on its
solution has yet been reached. In this paper we investigate the hydrogen
free-bound emission near the Balmer jump region of four PNe that are among
those with the largest abundance discrepancies, aiming to examine two recently
proposed solutions to this problem: two-component models and Kappa electron
energy distributions. We find that the Balmer jump intensities and the spectrum
slopes cannot be simultaneously matched by the theoretical calculations based
upon single Maxwell-Boltzmann electron-energy distributions, whereas the
fitting can be equally improved by introducing Kappa electron energy
distributions or an additional Maxwell-Boltzmann component. We show that
although H I free-bound emission alone cannot distinguish the two scenarios, it
can provide important constraints on the electron energy distributions,
especially for cold and low-Kappa plasmas.Comment: 23 pages, 10 figures, accepted for publication in Ap
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